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Models were optimized according to their discriminative power (area under the receiver operating characteristic [AUROC]) by internal cross-validation. Written informed consent was obtained from all subjects of each cohort study. PubMed Central WIC Breastfeeding Model Components for Peer Counseling I am truly honored and humbled to have this rewarding career in which I get to help mothers feel empowered and successful on one of the most sacred experiences in motherhood. Still, we were able to confirm our findings in the PEPO cohort. Open Access funding enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL. In 2010 Augie became certified as an IBCLC and recertified in 2015. Para-professional support person, a WIC mother with personal breastfeeding experience who serves as a peer with a commitment to promote and support 30d+ HACAP 4.0 Breastfeeding Peer Counselor Cedar Rapids, IA $17.27 Per Hour (Employer est.) WHO European Region has lowest global breastfeeding rates; 2015. Aris IM, Bernard JY, Chen LW, Tint MT, Pang WW, Soh SE, et al. Commun Stat. Getting Moms Started: Positioning the Baby at the Breast. Cancellation must be made in writing by deadline (30 days prior to start of course). Figure S2. J Clin Epidemiol. Augie Rigual teaches our course in Spanish. Shown are calibration curves (blue lines) and calibration slopes and intercepts for offspring of mothers with obesity (panel A, B) and without obesity (panel C, D) by the prediction models at age 1 year and 2 years. 2016;31(6):11116. Predicting the earliest deviation in weight gain in the course towards manifest overweight in offspring exposed to obesity in pregnancy: a longitudinal cohort study. aMissing data in the PEACHES cohort were due to loss to follow-up. Influence of maternal obesity on offspring BMI growth outcomes. 2018;15(10):e1002681. CAS Our proposed prediction strategy could stimulate the use of cost-effective and personalized advice and measures counteracting the risk of very early excess weight gain. Mean BMI growth clusters by birth weight category in offspring of mothers with and without obesity. I love the health benefits and bonding time breastfeeding has given us and am excited to help other moms find the path that leads them to their successful breastfeeding journey! However, the cluster of lower BMI growth in the offspring of mothers without obesity was lower than that observed in the offspring of mothers with obesity. Information on parental education and parental employment was collected using a questionnaire, either sent to each participant in the PEACHES cohort or completed at the school entry health exam in the PEPO cohort. Ziauddeen N, Wilding S, Roderick PJ, Macklon NS, Smith D, Chase D, et al. 2018;15(1):56. Promoting access to community supports like peer counseling and supplemental nutrition programs. Helps mothers achieve their own breastfeeding goals. As one of the most important risk factors [6, 7], pre-conceptional maternal overweight and obesity, which affect up to 70% of pregnant women worldwide [8] and about 40% in Germany (obesity 16.4%) [9], contribute to an average 2- to 6-fold increased risk of overweight or obesity in the offspring. Integrating such a novel dynamic element in the existing health care system of well-child visits could help to quantify and confine risk to subpopulations and individuals at high necessity to intervene. Breastfeeding peer counselors add a critical aspect to WIC's efforts to help participants to initiate and continue breastfeeding. The strength of our study is the large contemporary prospective mother-child cohort PEACHES of 1671 mothers and children providing a unique longitudinal dataset with wide-ranging pre-, peri-, and postnatal variables from mothers with obesity, and thus, it was used as the discovery cohort. Furthermore, the proportion of children with overweight/obesity was higher in the PEACHES cohort as a total (age 3 years 7.2%) than the German (3.3%) [69] or PEPO (4.5%) estimates, based on the specific recruitment of mothers with obesity, whereas the proportions were similar when compared to only the children of mothers without obesity in the PEACHES cohort (3.2%). 2015;67(1):48. Augie is the Programs Specialist for the Healthy Start Coalition of Osceola County, Florida. Eur J Clin Nutr. Please. statement and Kim SS, Zhu Y, Grantz KL, Hinkle SN, Chen Z, Wallace ME, et al. 2020;396(10261):151124. Early Bird Rate: $650.00 per person (payment must be received in full 2 months prior to course start). We used the BMI measured at the first antenatal visit as a surrogate for pre-conception BMI based on studies showing only a minimal difference between pre-conception weight self-reported and weight measured at the earliest antenatal visit during the first trimester [27, 36] and through own analyses (Additional file 1: Text S2, paragraph 1.1) [37]. 2013;56:786794. Monday - Friday. Institut fr Qualittssicherung und Transparenz im Gesundheitswesen. Age of mother at the birth of the child; 2021. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Pass written certification exam with score of 80%. Inclusion criteria in the PEACHES cohort were maternal age 18 years, singleton pregnancy, gestational age at birth 37 weeks, pre-conception BMI 30 kg/m2, and absence of preexisting type 1 diabetes (T1D) or T2D [25]. The Epidemiology of Obesity: A Big Picture. Easy Apply When my fifth child was born, I decided that no matter what, I was only going to breastfeed! Each growth phase contained three follow-up time points of BMI z-score assessments from well-child visits (early phase: 6-month, 1-year, and 2-year follow-ups; late phase: 3-year, 4-year, and 5-year follow-ups). Prvalenz von Untergewicht, bergewicht und Adipositas bei Kindern und Jugendlichen in Deutschland Einordnung der Ergebnisse aus KiGGS Welle 2 nach internationalen Referenzsystemen. Maternal-Child Health Education, Consultancy, Training & Support, Perinatal Support Specialist Advanced Doula Training and Certification, Community Birth Doula Training and Certification | Entrenamiento Comunitario Doula De Parto Y Programa de Certification, Postpartum Doula Training & Certification Program, Breastfeeding Peer Counselor Training & Certification Program, Childbirth Education Training for Health & Human Service Workers, Herstory of American Midwifery and Childbirth, Happy Mama Healthy Baby Community Doula Program, Happy Mama Healthy Baby Postpartum Doula Services, Mothers Support Group A Mothercraft Circle, Birth Options Consultation-Pre-Conception Counseling, Childbirth Education Classes Private Instruction, Blessingway Ceremonies A Celebration of Pregnancy, Birth, Motherhood, Resources for Prenatal Education: Books, DVDs & Organizations, 2017 Birthing Justice Forum No Mas Bebes, 2016 Birthing Justice Forum Human Rights U.S. There was good agreement (98.7%, n = 1218/1234) between pre-conception weight self-reported and weight measured at the earliest antenatal visit (mean 9 weeks [SD 2 weeks] of gestation) of the PEACHES women (correlation coefficient 0.988), similar to data of the PEPO cohort [27]. However, despite the differences, external validation showed adequate predictive performance and indicates robustness of our results. Monday, Wednesday, and Friday dExternal validation of prediction models at age 3 months was not performed due to unavailability of offspring BMI data at age 3 months in the PEPO cohort. She volunteered in a variety of activities to promote public health including Public Health Week, community health workshops, and facilitating workshops on Trauma Informed Care, Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS), Black womens health conferences, organizing health fairs and community baby showers in the community of Pasadena, CA. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. aInitial risk quantification is performed at the 3-month well-child visit for higher-than-normal BMI growth pattern during the early phase (6 months to 2 years). Such a tool should be easy-to-use in clinical practice, and results should be communicated in an informative manner [100, 101], e.g., a web-based Shiny application developed using the Shiny R package for building easy and interactive web apps in R [102]. Ensure you have entered your email address correctly, as this is the primary method of communication. The strategy holds promise to elaborate interventions in an early preventive manner for integration in systems of well-child care. If you have read this page in its entirety and still need clarification, please contact us (select Breastfeeding Counselor Applications from the drop-down menu) with your questions and comments. Mothers included in the analysis were mothers with or without pre-conception obesity, were not diagnosed with T1D/T2D, and had a full-term (37 weeks 0 days of gestation) singleton live birth. Provides support before and after the baby is born. Support for healthy breastfeeding mothers with healthy term babies. Breastfeeding Peer Counseling: From Efficacy through Scale-up Kathy is a Certified Lactation Counselor. Even though a newborn gets little water in the thick yellowish first milk (colostrum), no additional water is necessary because a baby is born with extra water. I am a mother of 3 and I was able to successfully breastfeed all 3. However, data are available from the corresponding author (Regina Ensenauer, principal investigator) on reasonable request for researchers who meet the criteria for access to confidential data. Cookies policy. dOverweight-preventive measures such as healthier complementary and family food choices, reduced screen time, increased physical activity, and a sleep duration of 10 to 14 h per day. Vienna: R Foundation for Statistical Computing; 2020. https://www.R-project.org/. J Obes. Early childhood - a critical period for obesity prevention. Obtain permission from two people who know you well who we may contact for a personal recommendation on your behalf. -, Mensink G.B.M., Schienkiewitz A., Haftenberger M., Lampert T., Ziese T., Scheidt-Nave C. bergewicht und Adipositas in Deutschland. SPANISH COURSE LEADER (FOR SPANISH COURSES), Ines (Augie) Rigual, CD (DONA), IBCLC, LCCE. Transparent reporting of a multivariable prediction model for individual prognosis or diagnosis (TRIPOD): the TRIPOD Statement. Irrespective of smoking, mothers with obesity have been recognized to experience major difficulties with initiating and continuing breastfeeding resulting in lower breastfeeding rates in these women [83]. Monday-Friday, Hi. We used the PEACHES cohort study as the discovery cohort and the PEPO cohort study as the external validation cohort for calculation of the individual childs risk of a higher-than-normal BMI growth pattern (BMI z-score >1 SD [51] at least twice). Assist three mothers with lactation support and provide three self-reports and three client reports. The prediction models performed sufficiently well and showed good to very good calibration for early-risk stratification and identification of high-risk offspring. The best years of my life have been nursing and bonding with each of my children through breastfeeding. Voerman E, Santos S, Patro Golab B, Amiano P, Ballester F, Barros H, et al. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. Breastfeeding peer counseling (PC) has been used in developed and developing countries, with examples ranging from La Leche League International to community health worker models. Similarly good parameters were observed in offspring of mothers without obesity (Additional file 1: Table S4). Chen C, Xu X, Yan Y. Information on parity was abstracted from the pregnancy record booklet and categorized as primiparous (one child) or multiparous (more than one child) [45]. Fairley L, Santorelli G, Lawlor DA, Bryant M, Bhopal R, Petherick ES, et al. I hope to help other moms overcome their own challenges they may face with breastfeeding, and support them so theyget off to the best start possible! Additionally, for associations shown in panel C, higher-than-normal BMI growth pattern in the early phase was also included as an explanatory variable in the initial model. Actively work for the mission of Breastfeeding USA. Note: The length of the application time can vary greatly. Pulaski County-North Little Rock: 501-791-8551 Ensenauer R, Brandlhuber L, Burgmann M, Sobotzki C, Zwafink C, Anzill S, et al. A dendrite method for cluster analysis. Information on the quantification of individual risk including the development of risk scoring and risk probability assessment is provided in the Text S3 (Additional file 1). Patel N, Dalrymple KV, Briley AL, Pasupathy D, Seed PT, Flynn AC, et al. Tandem nursing babies 4 and 5 has further increased my love and passion to help all mothers. Colmenarejo G. Machine learning models to predict childhood and adolescent obesity: A review. WIC: Breastfeeding Am J Clin Nutr. Patnode CD, Henninger ML, Senger CA, Perdue LA, Whitlock EP. Values are predictive parameters and their 95% CI. We recommend you purchase this book prior to the training. Job Opportunities | Careers Stanly County Government I loved that I was the only person that could do this for my girls. We used a unique and comprehensive set of longitudinal data from the high-risk cohort Programming of Enhanced Adiposity Risk in CHildhoodEarly Screening (PEACHES) of mothers with obesity and their offspring and externally validated our findings in the population-based mother-child cohort PErinatal Prevention of Obesity (PEPO). Additional details on all statistical methods are available in the Text S2 (Additional file 1) [37, 51, 53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65]. Cathy (Maria) Durham The main outcome was a higher-than-normal BMI growth pattern preceding overweight, defined as BMI z-score >1 SD (i.e., World Health Organization [WHO] cut-off at risk of overweight) at least twice during consecutive offspring growth periods between age 6 months and 5 years. The PEPO cohort consisted of a maximum of 4 measurements from both the well-child visits (i.e., at birth, 1-year visit, and 2-year visit) and the school entry health examination. The objective was to evaluate the effect of a lifestyle intervention delivered three times during pregnancy and once in the postpartum period on PPWR and on maternal breastfeeding behavior. Lee County: 870-295-2400,Tuesday: 2nd and 4th week . Diabetes Care. [(accessed on 6 March 2019)]; Available online: Hruby A., Hu F.B. Worldwide trends in body-mass index, underweight, overweight, and obesity from 1975 to 2016: a pooled analysis of 2416 population-based measurement studies in 128.9 million children, adolescents, and adults. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. Accessed 05 Nov 2021. Among offspring of mothers with obesity, 21% (185/875) belonged to the upper growth cluster showing steep mean BMI z-score increments from birth onwards resulting in an early crossing of the WHO BMI z-score cut-off >1 SD at age 6 months and a growth peak at age 2 years (Fig. Data from the independent German mother-child cohort PEPO [27, 28] were used for validation. Gomes, D., Le, L., Perschbacher, S. et al. In contrast, among 27.9% (183/655) of offspring of mothers without obesity, the upper-cluster pattern showed crossing of the mean BMI z-score >1 SD at 1 year of age, which appeared to decrease after peak growth at age 2 years (1.27 SD) (Fig. cHigher-than-normal BMI growth pattern defined as BMI z-score >1 SD [51] at least twice. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US); 2016 Oct. Report No. 2022 Mar 18;11(6):1688. doi: 10.3390/jcm11061688. Children with overweight or obesity are at high risk of maintaining overweight or obesity in adulthood and developing morbidities including type 2 diabetes (T2D), hypertension, and cardiovascular disease [2]. Nicotine Tob Res. We also thank Susanne Wullinger, Research Center, Dr. von Hauner Childrens Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitt Mnchen for excellent technical assistance. Mothers with obesity were further classified according to the severity of obesity, which included class 1 obesity (BMI 30.0 to 34.9 kg/m2), class 2 obesity (BMI 35.0 to 39.9 kg/m2), and class 3 obesity (BMI 40.0 kg/m2). Predicting the earliest deviation in weight gain in the course towards Am J Clin Nutr. Website: https://motherbabysupport.net/, WE BELIEVE EVERY FAMILY DESERVES A DOULA . Empfehlungen zu Diagnostik und Therapie des Gestationsdiabetes (German Diabetes Association, Diabetes and Pregnancy Consortium (2001): Recommendations for diagnosis and therapy of gestational diabetes). Trained with the very first group of WIC Peer Counselors in the state, Leisa has a passion for helping moms. aIncludes values for categories normal range (-2 to 1 SD) and a minor proportion of children with <-2 SD [72]. Godfrey KM, Reynolds RM, Prescott SL, Nyirenda M, Jaddoe VW, Eriksson JG, et al. Int J Obes. And to be a support system for these mothers because you truly cannot ever have too many supporters. Obstetric and neonatal risks among obese women without chronic disease. Maternal body mass index, gestational weight gain, and the risk of overweight and obesity across childhood: an individual participant data meta-analysis. Google Scholar. Exam is available in Spanish or English. 2018 Sep 26;9:546. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00546. She is also currently a student midwife working in a birth center. Integrating such a procedure in the existing health care systems of well-child visits could help to quantify and confine risk to subpopulations and individuals at high necessity to intervene. Association between characteristics at birth, breastfeeding and obesity in 22 countries: The WHO European Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative - COSI 2015/2017. Obesity (Silver Spring). Available from: https://shiny.rstudio.com. Int J Pediatr Obes. Breastfeeding peer counseling begins prenatally and continues for up to one year postpartum. 2001;42:8919. Van Buren County:501-745-2485 May be taken twice if passing score is not achieved. Here, these already well-documented risk associations were translated and condensed into a novel serial prediction strategy for primary prevention of a higher-than-normal BMI growth pattern as a subclinical stage preceding overweight in clinical settings. Like many mothers, we had our highs and lowswhile breastfeeding. Internal and external validation was performed. Meet Our Breastfeeding Peer Counselors - Arkansas Department of Health In contrast, in offspring from pregnancies without obesity, an LGA birth weight influenced higher-than-normal BMI growth only in the early phase, not later on (Additional file 1: Figure S4B). This work was supported by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (grants 01EA1307, 01GI0820), Bavarian State Ministry of the Environment and Public Health (grant LP00124), and the Foundation for Cardiovascular Prevention in Childhood, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitt Mnchen, Munich, Germany. We offer Doula support for birth and postpartum with sliding scale fees. We encourage persons of color to attend this workshop as the focus of the course is on working with low-income families of color. All women with a diagnosis of GDM had received recommendations on treatment with insulin and/or diet, had been advised on weight gain goals, and had been monitored until the end of pregnancy by their treating physicians. Global rates of childhood obesity have increased dramatically [1]. 3A, Additional file 1: Figure S4A). From going to college, working full time, you name it; I want to help you overcome any road bumps that come across your path to success. Pepe MS. Educational background was categorized as low (<10 years of formal education [score: 1]), medium (10 years of formal education [score: 2]), or high (>10 years of formal education [score: 3]). Text S3. Shiny from R Studio; 2020. Tuition will be reimbursed less $50.00 administrative fee if notification received by this date. Cassandra Bailey-Tackett, CLC Likely due to funding priorities, scientific research has primarily focused on the effectiveness of PC in improving the breastfeeding outcomes of low-income women. Such a strategy could allow cost-effective and personalized advice and measures to slow down or prevent otherwise ongoing increases in BMI growth. Clin Chem. For prediction models relating to offspring of mothers without obesity, results may not be comparable to other studies with a different composition in the proportions of mothers with normal weight and overweight. CAS My goal as a mother as well as a breastfeeding peer counselor is to help other mothers to have a successful and enjoyable breastfeeding experience as well. In the IV, women lost more weight from delivery until T2pp compared to the C (adjusted p = 0.008) and showed a slightly higher rate of exclusive breastfeeding (IV: 87.4%; C: 84.4%; adjusted p < 0.001). 2005;21(20):39401. 2010;33(1):122. Once we have received your email confirming your application acknowledgment, we will contact your references. Monroe County, NY - Breastfeeding Peer Counselor Program Pulaski County-Little Rock: 501-280-3100 Therefore, in addition to her work as a doula, I received my certified lactation education specialist training through Breastfeed LAs 95-hour program and is now currently on the pathway to becoming an IBCLC (international board-certified lactation consultant). Accessed 05 Nov 2021. Details on use of individual risk score calculations, risk probability assessment, and clinical case scenarios are provided in Table S5 and the Text S3 (Additional file 1). Nutrients. These centers may offer support groups. Or, join if you are not a member yet. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60460-8. Attributable risks for childhood overweight: evidence for limited effectiveness of prevention. The proportion of mothers belonging to a low SES at birth was 18.1% in the PEACHES cohort (Germany 20.1% [68]), whereas more women of the PEPO cohort had a low SES (32.9%). Answer breastfeeding questions and offer support. dOffspring with a risk score above or equal to the respective cut-off score value are considered to be at risk of developing a higher-than-normal BMI growth pattern. The cut-off value of the score was optimized to avoid false-negative findings (sensitivity), which resulted in negative cut-off score values. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies These training checklists and materials are for agencies and staff who are responsible for running a peer counseling program. As a mother to three girls, Carla is well aware of the necessity of love and care during pregnancy, labor, and the postpartum period. This levelling off is in contrast to the typical BMI decline [71] preceding the adiposity rebound at around 6 years [74]. Augie has been offering DONA Birth Doula trainings in Spanish in other states that have big Spanish communities like Utah and North Carolina. CAS "Peer" means that the counselor has breastfed her own baby and can help other mothers breastfeed. She implemented and supervised a community doula program in Osceola County, Florida, for six years through a grant from the Ounce of Prevention Fund of Florida, having achieved the goal of reducing the C-section rate 14% during the first two years in two hospitals in the county. In the PEPO cohort, women reported the presence of GDM at the time of the school entry health examinations [42] by answering the question: Was diabetes newly diagnosed in pregnancy prompting dietary or insulin treatment?. Based on the time structure of the data and use of robust machine learning techniques [97, 98], our proposed strategy provides multiple prediction occasions within an early window of opportunity for prevention of higher-than-normal BMI growth, utilizing routinely available data and making it easy-to-use in clinical settings [99]. Effects of prenatal and postnatal factors on BMI growth outcomes in offspring of mothers with obesity. J Clin Epidemiol. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 4. New York: Oxford University Press; 2003. BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio; PEACHES, Programming of Enhanced Adiposity Risk in CHildhoodEarly Screening. than from those who know you primarily as a breastfeeding supporter. They were! Pediatr Obes. 2018;20(6):66573. No prior experience is needed! In this study, we first evaluated longitudinal BMI growth patterns in offspring of mothers with obesity versus those of mothers without obesity. Google Scholar. Offspring with a risk score above or equal to the respective cut-off are considered to be at risk of developing a higher-than-normal BMI growth pattern. Details on calculating individual risk probabilities and use of individual risk score calculations along with clinical case scenarios are provided in the Text S3 (Additional file 1). 2020;382(17):15836. 2018. In contrast to the patterns of upper BMI growth clusters, the clusters of lower BMI growth showed similar dynamics from birth to age 2 years in the offspring of mothers with and without obesity and were below 1 SD throughout the entire period until 5 years of age (Fig. 2018;3(3):6074. Despite the different challenges we faced, both breastfed until they were eighteen months old. Butler EM, Derraik JGB, Taylor RW, Cutfield WS. breastfeeding; follow-up; gestational weight gain; lifestyle intervention; long-term; obesity prevention; postpartum; pregnancy; routine care; weight retention. Missing data were considered missing completely at random. Breastfeeding duration, maternal body mass index, and birth weight are associated with differences in body mass index growth trajectories in early childhood. AGA, average-for-gestational-age; BMI, body mass index; LGA, large-for-gestational-age; PEACHES, Programming of Enhanced Adiposity Risk in CHildhoodEarly Screening; SGA, small-for-gestational-age. Cordelia Hanna, MPH, CHES, ICCE, CLE, CBA Curriculum Developer/ Principal Course Leader, Email:Cordelia.Hanna@motherbabysupport.net, Cordelia Hanna, MPH, CHES, ICCE, CLE, CBA. Privacy Policy| Alternate Format Requests | Notice of Nondiscrimination, File Complaint About Provider or Facility, Healthcare Enforcement and Licensing Modernization Solution, Healthcare Professional Credentialing Requirements, Veterans, Service Members and their Families, Emergency Information for Specific Groups, Lactation and Infant Feeding-Friendly Environments, Public Health System Resources and Services, Public Health System Resources And Services, Breastfeeding Peer Counseling Program: Starter Kit (PDF), Staff Orientation on the Peer Counseling Program (PowerPoint), Breastfeeding Peer Counseling Allowable Costs (PDF), WIC Breastfeeding Support Learn Together, Grow Together, Peer Counseling Training for WIC Managers, Breastfeeding Resources Spreadsheet (Excel), Peer Counselor Lead Orientation Checklist (PDF), Peer Counselor Lead Training Resources (PDF), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Local Health Jurisdictions and Tribal Directories, Northwest Center for Public Health Practice. Lancet. -. Schfer-Graf UM, Gembruch U, Kainer F, Groten T, Hummel S, Hsli I, et al. 2015;2:9. 2010;21(1):12838. PMC Dynamic prediction model to identify young children at high risk of future overweight: development and internal validation in a cohort study. Interventions for preventing obesity in children. Ensenauer R, Gmach J, Nehring I, von Kries R. Increased hemoglobin A(1c) in obese pregnant women after exclusion of gestational diabetes. The pregnancy record booklet contains detailed information on ultrasound checkups, laboratory assessments, and weight measurements at multiple times collected by the obstetrician during antenatal care visits [24]. Breastfeeding Peer Counselor - AustinTexas.gov Peer Counseling | WIC Breastfeeding Support - USDA Accessed 28 Oct 2021. 2002;17(8):6469. We used the PEACHES cohort to search for structures and develop prediction models and performed sample size calculations to determine the appropriate size of the validation cohort. BMC Medicine Bhm A, Ellssser G, Ldecke K. The Brandenburg social index: a tool for health and social reporting at regional and communal levels in the analysis of data of school beginners. Candidates communicate regularly with course teachers and other candidates, yet they work at their own pace. Int J Epidemiol. The negative likelihood ratio value of 0.40 indicates a decrease (20%) [57] in the likelihood of developing a higher-than-normal BMI growth pattern in offspring identified as not at risk by the same prediction model at 3 months of age. Arkansas County - DeWittand Stuttgart/Monroe County-Brinkley/Lee County-Marianna/Phillips County-West Helena.

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